shadow banking system (i.e., non-depository financial institutions such as investment banks) had grown to rival the depository system yet was not subject to the same regulatory oversight, making it vulnerable to a bank run. The years leading up to the crisis were characterized by an exorbitant rise in asset prices and associated boom in economic demand. Ī bank run at a branch of the Northern Rock bank in Brighton, England, on September 14, 2007, amid speculation of problems, prior to its 2008 nationalisation. recessions) the recession began in December 2007 and ended in June 2009, and thus extended over eighteen months. National Bureau of Economic Research (the official arbiter of U.S. The seasonally adjusted PPP‑weighted real GDP for the G20‑zone, however, is a good indicator for the world GDP, and it was measured to have suffered a direct quarter on quarter decline during the three quarters from Q3‑2008 until Q1‑2009, which more accurately mark when the recession took place at the global level. Despite the fact that quarterly data are being used as recession definition criteria by all G20 members, representing 85% of the world GDP, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) has decided-in the absence of a complete data set-not to declare/measure global recessions according to quarterly GDP data. That IMF definition requires a decline in annual real world GDP per‑capita. The Great Recession met the IMF criteria for being a global recession only in the single calendar year 2009. Because of the continuing deflationary trap, it would be more accurate to call this decade's stagnant economy The Lesser Depression or The Great Deflation." Overview Great Recession Recessions are mild dips in the business cycle that are either self-correcting or soon cured by modest fiscal or monetary stimulus. Robert Kuttner argues, " 'The Great Recession,' is a misnomer. Under the academic definition, the recession ended in the United States in June or July 2009. The definition of "great" is amount or intensity considerably above the normal or average and, contrary to some common beliefs, does not infer a positive connotation, merely large in size or scope. Two senses of the word "recession" exist: one sense referring broadly to "a period of reduced economic activity" and ongoing hardship and the more precise sense used in economics, which is defined operationally, referring specifically to the contraction phase of a business cycle, with two or more consecutive quarters of GDP contraction (negative GDP growth rate).
9 Comparisons with the Great Depression.6 Political instability related to the economic crisis.5.1 Country specific details about recession timelines.3.8.1 Regulations encouraging lax lending standards.3.8 Ineffective or inappropriate regulation.Similarly, Oceania suffered minimal impact, in part due to its proximity to Asian markets. The recession was not felt equally around the world whereas most of the world's developed economies, particularly in North America, South America and Europe, fell into a severe, sustained recession, many more recently developed economies suffered far less impact, particularly China, India and Indonesia, whose economies grew substantially during this period. As with most other recessions, it appears that no known formal theoretical or empirical model was able to accurately predict the advance of this recession, except for minor signals in the sudden rise of forecast probabilities, which were still well under 50%. officially in December 2007 and lasted until June 2009, thus extending over 19 months. The combination of banks unable to provide funds to businesses, and homeowners paying down debt rather than borrowing and spending, resulted in the Great Recession that began in the U.S. This 2007–2008 phase was called the subprime mortgage crisis. When housing prices fell and homeowners began to abandon their mortgages, the value of mortgage-backed securities held by investment banks declined in 2007–2008, causing several to collapse or be bailed out in September 2008.
The causes of the Great Recession include a combination of vulnerabilities that developed in the financial system, along with a series of triggering events that began with the bursting of the United States housing bubble in 2005–2012. One result was a serious disruption of normal international relations. At the time, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) concluded that it was the most severe economic and financial meltdown since the Great Depression. The scale and timing of the recession varied from country to country (see map). a recession, observed in national economies globally that occurred between 20. The Great Recession was a period of marked general decline, i.e.